Interpretations:

● As seen in Fig.1, the bar graph displays the variation of Phi 2 in two species, Ulmus ‘Morton Glossy’ (mean=0.4913) has a larger mean Phi 2 than Ginko biloba (mean=0.4379).

● As seen in Fig.2, the bar graph displays the variation of PQ SPAD in two species Ginkgo biloba (mean=44.9845) has a larger mean PQ SPAD than Ulmus ‘Morton Glossy’ (mean=37.446).

● As seen in Table 1, there is a difference in PQ SPAD between the native and non-native trees (t-stat= 10.16, p<0.05). The null statistical hypothesis is rejected because there is a statistically significant difference between PQ SPAD in native and non-native tree species. This supports the research hypothesis.

● As seen in Table 1, there is a difference in Phi 2 between the native and non-native trees (t-stat=-4.57, p<0.05). The null statistical hypothesis is rejected showing there is a statistically significant difference between Phi 2 in native and non-native tree species. This supports the research hypothesis.

● Overall, the hypothesis was that native species would have higher chlorophyll content than non-native species. Non-native trees had higher chlorophyll content but were less photosynthetically efficient. Native trees had lower chlorophyll content but were more photosynthetically efficient.